
CIVILISATION AND COMPLEXITY
[Supposing the
fact that you are
on a spaceship in some
other far future
millennium on a
reconnaissance mission over
a planet or
an asteroid, how
it will be
known that whether
any intelligent creature
lives there or
not ?Forget radio
or audio sensors,
forget all gadgets
with an edge
of a thousand years, the
first thing that
will strike the
attention of the
mission crew will
be the orderly geometry of the terra
firma over a
disjoint region. The crew from a sufficient height will
see rectangles and
squares, triangles and
circles, straight lines
and regular curvatures.
These simple geometrical features are bound to be there as for
any civilization, other
thing apart, had
to work to the
universal laws of
gravitation, mechanics and
energy. The basic laws of
physics and chemistry and the
relationship between simple
mathematical structures and
physical universe makes
it possible to speculate
on the physiography of a
civilization and with
more experience about
its planetary and cultural evolution.]
Complexity
is difficult to define but
very east to
point. Moreover, different facets
of the same physical process
might give rise
to different level
of complexity. Conversion of mass into energy
in its theoretical
possibility is exceedingly
simple and straightforward in
Einstein’s famous equation
but the actual
process is simply very
complex. To an
Arab trader of
twelfth century, maintaining
ledgers in a
computer database might
seem to be
a exceedingly complex
job than using
Abacus and to
a modern accountant,
using Abacus to
maintain his account
will seem virtually
impossible. With our intuitive feel
of complexity we
can readily agree
on a heuristics of
complexity :
Complexity of any system
changes proportionally with
the amount of
intelligence embedded into
it and complexity vanishes asymptotically with infinite information.
But it
is very difficult
to progress any further without
providing a loose
definition of complexity.
Let us explore different situations,
which might throw
light on our
subjective understanding of
complexity and our
objective comprehension to
coding it. A musical symphony
is complex, so
is the mathematics
underlying a nuclear
explosion and so
is the architecture
and organization of
human brain. Mathematics
of general relativity
is complex and
so are n-dimensional partial differential equations. The emotional
map of
a human being
is complex and
so are the genetic coding
of chromosome. Study of
ocean currents and
study of atmosphere
are complex. An operating system is
genuinely complex for
a newbie whereas not
as complex for
an expert. Speaking a new language is increasingly complex initially but
later simplicity itself. Out
of these random
examples, it is
clear that there is
something - a
mixture of difficulty, awe,
lack of understanding or partial understanding, infinite
possibilities and selection
or de-selection -
all combining in
varying degrees make
us to say that the
thing is complex. The noteworthy point is that in some
cases the thing in itself may
not be complex but interconnection, perspective,
knowledge base, technical
expertise, habit and
behavioural conditioning make
the thing complex.
From
the domain of everyday idea
of complexity, let
us study some
specific issues where
complexity is not
only a recurring theme but
the whole system
comes to a
ridiculous
oversimplification in spite
of tall claim
of specialization. Let
us study the
history of this
biosphere with an
idea of exploring
how essence of
complexity can be
found to be intertwined in
the fabric of
any system.
[In the longest epic of human creation, The Mahabharata , an emperor after losing his empire was roaming in the forests of Middle India. In midst of that massive narration called Banaparba , when quizzed by a God in the form of a crane, the emperor Yudisthira gave a graphic description of biosphere in unparalleled prose : In the pot which is the cosmos itself, men, animals, plants and all living organism are being cooked under a fire which is Life itself and Mahakal or The Great Time is the puddle which has been doing the cooking since Eternity and it will be continued till Eternity. ]
In
the graphic description , we find
the metaphor of
three fundamental , immutable
entities of any
physical system : Space,
Time and Energy .
The cosmos is the
space, Time is
the period as
well as the
agent of Natural
Selection and Energy
is what remains
in a physical system after
space and time.
Physics of modern times has
given a quantitative measure of these
entities in addition
to the grand insight into
the qualitative properties
of these entities
and interrelationship and convertibility among
them . Now, the
question is whether the
picture is simple?
In the thing itself
or rather the
symbolic picture itself
is simple enough
but the concrete
reality which the
symbols try to
represent is a
complex phenomenon. On
the other hand,
the mathematics of
quantum mechanics or
general relativity are
by no means simple but
the basic aim
is to give a simple,
logical description of
the physical reality
via those symbols.
Or in other words, the
complexity of the
symbols was needed
to reduce the
a priori complexity
involved in the
system. Unfortunately, any
ambitious and honest
branch of knowledge
is bound to
become exceedingly complex,
owing to the
demand of capturing
a reality which
spawns more complexity
while being probed
by our complex symbolic tools.
Nature is infinite
in variety and
if it is so, search
for knowledge is
a vicious loop
because with our
experience as of
now, physical reality
sometimes resonate with
our mind’s picture
and sometimes mock
irreverently. Complexity, in
this way of
reasoning, is a
product of human
mind and since
the sense and
neural apparatus of
our consciousness is
found to be
remarkably complex through
self-probing, there is always
a chance of
recursive error and
in the end, a dilemma.
All matured sciences start in boundless
enthusiasm, progress with
a mixture of
optimism and apprehension and end with
a dilemma. The process
is consistent with
our idea of
increasing recursion whenever
complexity increases. Without much ado, we will
frame our second
heuristics on complexity :
All complex
Systems will be
inherently recursive, i.e.,
it will reference
itself and the
degree of recursion
is directly proportional to the degree
of complexity.
Our
important corollary that immediately follows from
the above heuristics
is about the
observer who is
supposed to be
the witness of
the complexity of
the system as
well as its
recursion. Mind, being a
complex system will
be highly recursive
and what is
that observer or
does any observer
exists? Physical sciences with
increasing maturity will
increasingly ask these
questions and social
sciences are already
aware of the
scope of these
questions and philosophy,
possibly being the
oldest of sciences,
had fought centuries
old battle in
the merciless field
of epistemology. It had come
out of these battles without
answering and had
finally left it
unanswered. The question of
observer torments physicists
for when they
are being asked
about Big Bang
singularity, the most respected
among them say
something : “Beyond
Big Bang , Time
has no physical
significance”. In other
words, at that
point, complexity of
the symbols asymptotically reaches a point
where information contents
of the system reaches infinite
content and hence
loses all complexity.
It doesn’t imply that the system
becomes clear or
simple or easy
but cessation of
complexity in a system
is the cessation of recursion
itself which in
other words is
the non-existence of
the system which
the observer can only
confirm. So in case of a system
as great in scope and complexity as to encompass all
observable observers, cessation
of complexity is
the cessation of all
concerns and a
Great Void -
shunyatha emerges which
is powerful to
demolish all observers
and hence all
reference to it. Language
is having a great recursive
power with it
and possibly the
most complex system
because language immediately
creates observable observers
and itself. So, the shunyatha cannot be expressed in language
because a single
symbol is enough
to break the
observers separate from
the Void. It is on
this background that
the Ultimate Being
of the Upanishad is “beyond
language, beyond mind”.
[In a virtual reality lab, a scientist is making the Ultimate Virtual Reality Machine, which will become so perfect that it will pierce the wafer thin layer between reality a nd virtual reality. The system is getting complex day by day. People are tricked more often. The machine that simulates is getting increasingly adaptive and varied and intelligence is also increasing. Its linguistic capabilities are near to human. And one day, the scientist decided to give the final touch and the machine will be on far twenty-four hours. He landed into the console, pressed the buttons and became an observer. Twenty four hour later, he was missing, leaving a note : My life time achievement is a perfect hoax as well as a perfect success and also a perfect failure.]
When we
look the growth
of civilization in
diffirent geo-climatic conditions,
we find that
all civilization increasingly became more complex
due the emergence
of delicate and
recursive interdependence society
is a special case of complexity intensive society. In next
essays, it will
be tried to
elaborate on complexity
intensive society on
a more elaborate manner with
comparative study of
civilization.